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Question 1
Researchers organize subjects into smokers and nonsmokers and then follow them to see who develops COPD. What type of study is this?
- Cohort study
- Case-control study
- Cross-sectional study
- Phase II clinical trial
Question 2
A study determines the prevalence of COPD in the United States in 2010. What type of study is this?
- Cross-sectional study
- Cohort study
- Case-control study
- Phase IV clinical trial
Question 3
In a case-control study of smoking and lung cancer, how are subjects divided?
- Cases are patients with lung cancer and controls are patients without lung cancer
- Cases are smokers and controls are nonsmokers
- Cases are patients given the new drug and controls are patients given placebo
- Cases are monozygotic twins and controls are dizygotic twins
Question 4
Which set correctly lists the outcome measures of cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort studies, respectively?
- Prevalence, odds ratio, relative risk
- Relative risk, prevalence, odds ratio
- Odds ratio, relative risk, prevalence
- Prevalence, relative risk, odds ratio
Question 5
A phase I clinical trial is conducted in a small number of healthy volunteers to establish safety, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics.
- True
- False
Question 6
Which phase of a clinical trial is best suited to detect rare or long-term adverse effects of a drug?
- Phase IV (postmarketing surveillance)
- Phase I
- Phase II
- Phase III
Question 7
In a triple-blinded clinical trial, who is blinded to each subject's group assignment?
- The patient, the doctor, and the researchers analyzing the data
- Only the patient and the doctor
- Only the researchers analyzing the data
- The patient, the doctor, and the pharmacist who manufactures the drug
Question 8
A patient asks about her probability of having cervical cancer after a positive Pap smear. What is this measurement called?
- Positive predictive value
- Negative predictive value
- Sensitivity
- Specificity
Question 9
If a test has a negative predictive value of 100%, its sensitivity must also be 100%.
- True
- False
Question 10
How is the false-positive rate calculated from a test's specificity?
- 1 − specificity
- 1 − sensitivity
- 1 / specificity
- specificity − 1
Question 11
A screening test with high sensitivity is most useful for which purpose?
- Ruling out disease when the result is negative
- Confirming disease when the result is positive
- Measuring the prevalence of disease in a population
- Determining the relative risk of an exposure
Question 12
A test with 100% specificity will never produce a false-positive result.
- True
- False
Question 13
Which formula correctly defines positive predictive value (PPV)?
- TP/(TP + FP)
- TP/(TP + FN)
- TN/(TN + FN)
- TN/(TN + FP)
Question 14
A diabetes test yields 40 true-positive and 10 false-positive results. What is the positive predictive value?
- 80%
- 20%
- 25%
- 40%
Question 15
The positive predictive value of a screening test is independent of the prevalence of the disease in the population being tested.
- True
- False
Question 16
As the prevalence of a disease increases in a tested population, what happens to the negative predictive value (NPV) of the test?
- It decreases
- It increases
- It stays exactly the same
- It becomes 100%
Question 17
A diabetes test yields 30 true-negative and 10 false-negative results. What is the negative predictive value?
- 75%
- 25%
- 30%
- 90%
Question 18
A test with 100% sensitivity has a false-negative rate of 0.
- True
- False
Question 19
A hepatitis B virus test has a sensitivity of 85%. What is its false-negative rate?
Fill in the blank
Question 20
An HIV test has a specificity of 75%. What percentage of patients will test false positive?
- 25%
- 75%
- 15%
- 50%
Question 21
In HIV testing, which assay is highly sensitive and therefore has a high false-positive rate and a low threshold?
- ELISA
- Western blot
- Both have equally high false-positive rates
- Neither; both have low false-positive rates
Question 22
In HIV testing, which assay is highly specific and therefore has a low false-positive rate and a high threshold?
- Western blot
- ELISA
- Both have equally low false-positive rates
- Neither; both have high false-positive rates
Question 23
What term describes the probability that a person who has a disease will test positive for it?
- Sensitivity
- Specificity
- Positive predictive value
- Negative predictive value
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