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Question 1
Which of the following is the most common congenital renal anomaly?
- Horseshoe kidney
- Unilateral renal agenesis
- Bilateral renal agenesis
- Polycystic kidney disease
Question 2
During development, a horseshoe kidney may become caught on which vessel as it ascends from the pelvis to the abdomen?
- Inferior mesenteric artery
- Superior mesenteric artery
- Renal artery
- Celiac trunk
Question 3
Which combination best describes complications of unilateral renal agenesis?
- Hypertrophy of the remaining kidney and hyperfiltration
- Oligohydramnios and Potter sequence
- Blunted calyces and cortical scarring
- Staghorn calculi and recurrent UTIs
Question 4
What is the most important association with bilateral renal agenesis?
- Oligohydramnios
- Polyhydramnios
- Hypertension
- Hypercalciuria
Question 5
What is the gold standard laboratory finding for diagnosing cystitis?
- Urine culture with more than 100,000 colony-forming units
- Positive leukocyte esterase on dipstick
- Cloudy urine with more than 10 WBCs per high-power field
- Positive nitrites on dipstick
Question 6
Which organisms most commonly cause pyelonephritis?
- E. coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Klebsiella
- Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Proteus mirabilis
- Pseudomonas and Candida
Question 7
Which statement about struvite (ammonium magnesium phosphate) kidney stones is correct?
- They are associated with urease-positive bacteria and can form staghorn calculi
- They are the most common kidney stone type in adults
- They are mainly caused by idiopathic hypercalciuria
- They can be treated with hydrochlorothiazide
Question 8
What is the main mechanism causing chronic pyelonephritis?
- Recurrent acute pyelonephritis leading to interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy
- A single episode of untreated cystitis
- Urease-positive bacterial infection
- Direct trauma to the kidney
Question 9
Kidney stones larger than 7 mm usually pass on their own.
- True
- False
Question 10
Cystitis typically presents with fever and chills.
- True
- False
Question 11
In chronic pyelonephritis, atrophic tubules may resemble ______ follicles, a change called thyroidization.
Fill in the blank
Question 12
The most common cause of calcium oxalate/phosphate kidney stones is ______.
Fill in the blank
Question 13
Uric acid kidney stones are unusual because they are:
- Radiolucent and not visible on X-ray
- Radio-opaque and clearly visible on X-ray
- Always mixed with calcium
- Usually caused by a urinary tract infection
Question 14
Approximately what percentage of kidney stones are uric acid stones?
- 5%
- 15%
- 30%
- 50%
Question 15
Which of the following is a risk factor for uric acid kidney stones?
- Gout or hyperuricemia
- Recurrent urinary tract infections
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Cystinuria
Question 16
Which of the following is part of the treatment for uric acid kidney stones?
- Hydration and urine alkalinization with potassium bicarbonate
- Calcium supplementation
- Antibiotic therapy
- Low-phosphate diet
Question 17
In a patient with uric acid kidney stones and gout, which additional medication is indicated?
- Allopurinol
- Hydrochlorothiazide
- Amiloride
- Calcitonin
Question 18
Which type of kidney stone can form staghorn calculi, especially in children?
- Cystine stones
- Uric acid stones
- Struvite stones
- Calcium oxalate stones
Question 19
Cystinuria is a genetic defect of the renal tubules that decreases cystine reabsorption.
- True
- False
Question 20
In adults, a staghorn calculus is most commonly composed of:
- Ammonium magnesium phosphate (struvite)
- Cystine
- Uric acid
- Calcium oxalate
Question 21
Nephrotic syndrome is defined by proteinuria greater than ___ grams per day.
Fill in the blank
Question 22
In nephrotic syndrome, hypoalbuminemia can lead to ___.
Fill in the blank
Question 23
Which consequence of nephrotic syndrome is caused by the loss of antithrombin III?
- Hypercoagulable state
- Pitting edema
- Increased infection risk
- Fatty casts in urine
Question 24
The normal glomerulus consists of a podocyte epithelial layer, a basement membrane, and an endothelial layer.
- True
- False
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